中国城市住房可支付指数研究
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二 住房可支付标准划分

准确测度住房可支付性是非常困难和颇有争议的。现有研究主要分析买卖市场的住房可支付问题,未对租赁市场的住房可支付问题进行深入分析。根据本书住房可支付理论模型,可划分住房买卖市场和租赁市场可支付标准。前已述及,国内外通行做法是将30%和50%作为住房支付困难指标。美国1937年《国民住房法案》(National Housing Act)以及1983年《住房与城市和农村恢复法案》(The Housing and Urban-Rural Recovery Act)对中等收入者设定30%的住房支付困难标准,一直沿用至今。Schwartz and Wilson将30%—49.9%作为轻度住房支付困难指标,将50%及以上作为严重住房支付困难指标。澳大利亚20世纪90年代将30%作为中等收入者住房支付困难指标(National Housing Strategy),现将50%作为中等收入者住房支付困难指标。[23]Mostafa et al.将50%作为中国中等收入者住房支付困难指标。[24]可见,现有研究以及政府干预重点是中等收入者住房支付困难问题。实际上,高收入者基本不存在住房支付困难问题,低收入者和最低收入者可通过政府提供或补贴的公共住房、公租房或廉租房解决住房问题。相对高收入者和最低收入者,中等收入者人口占比较大,住房支付困难问题突出,直接关系住房市场健康可持续发展。据此,本书重点划分中等收入者住房可支付标准(见表2-1)。

最后,需要指出的是,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,均存在住房可支付性问题,但发展中国家住房可支付性问题更突出、更重要。特别是,发展中国家收入差距较大,收入分布不均衡,现有中间收入指标不能真正反映发展中国家中等收入者住房可支付性,因此本书使用平均收入(mean income)指标而非中间收入(median income)指标。此外,城中村和小产权房在很多城市普遍存在,本书中等收入者住房可支付标准划分不涉及城中村和小产权房居民住房可支付性问题,仅涉及城市中等收入居民住房可支付性问题。

表2-1 中等收入者住房可支付标准划分及其比较


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